por Stefan Karpitschka
¿Qué ocurre cuando se comprimen fuertemente los materiales blandos?
El plegado de un material blando deja una cicatriz que sirve como lugar de nucleación para posteriores plegados
Investigadores del Instituto Max Planck de Dinámica y Autoorganización, la Universidad de Twente y la Universidad de Cornell han revelado ahora la morfología de los pliegues creados al plegarse a escala micrométrica. Revelaron un mecanismo de plegado doble impulsado por fuerzas capilares, similares a las de los líquidos húmedos, que provocan un perfil de plegado en forma de T.
El desdoblamiento deja una cicatriz que sirve de punto de nucleación para los pliegues posteriores. Sin dañar el material, permite una memoria de plegado libremente programable de las superficies blandas. El principio del plegado forma parte de nuestra vida cotidiana: Al cerrar la mano o doblar el brazo, se forma un pliegue que hace que la piel haga un autocontacto que se invierte al revertir el movimiento. A escala microscópica, se sabe que estos pliegues dejan pequeñas cicatrices que sirven de puntos de inicio para los pliegues posteriores. Stefan Karpitschka, investigador principal del estudio que investiga estos pliegues, explica: “Hasta ahora, se consideraba que estas cicatrices eran el resultado de la reducción de la tensión superficial que provoca la adhesión si una superficie blanda entra en contacto con ella. Nosotros demostramos que la tensión superficial también desempeña un papel importante en la micromorfología de los pliegues, y que su reducción no es suficiente para explicar el origen de las cicatrices.”
La capilaridad induce perfiles de plegado en forma de T
Para observar el comportamiento de los materiales sólidos al plegarse, los investigadores utilizaron un gel polimérico que podía comprimirse de forma definida. Una capa de sondas fluorescentes en la superficie de este gel les permitió seguir la formación de pliegues a escala microscópica. Sin tensión superficial, el material se plegaba en un perfil en forma de V. Sin embargo, si la tensión superficial entra en plano, el equilibrio de las fuerzas superficiales cambia la morfología: En el borde superior del material autocontactado surge un segundo pliegue que, en conjunto, da lugar a un perfil en forma de T del pliegue. Además, esto también induce una fuerte curvatura de la superficie libre que define las fuerzas de capilaridad en el pliegue. “Se ha observado anteriormente que los efectos de capilaridad no sólo se observan en los líquidos, sino que también se encuentran en los materiales sólidos blandos”, explica Karpitschka. “Aquí ilustramos que también los contactos superficiales de los materiales sólidos muestran una naturaleza capilar. Esta es la explicación física tanto de la curvatura de la superficie como del perfil en forma de T del pliegue”.
Predefinición de los pliegues mediante la fijación de la línea de contacto
En general, estas observaciones demuestran que las cicatrices que surgen en los materiales a microescala están causadas por el pinzamiento de la línea de contacto al desplegar el material. Por tanto, estas cicatrices no indican un daño del material, sino que constituyen los restos de la autoadhesión tras un pliegue. Esto provoca una asimetría en el plegado y desplegado de los materiales, y define los lugares de aparición de los pliegues posteriores. “Nuestras observaciones sobre la morfología de los pliegues abren una nueva vía para cuantificar la mecánica en las interfaces sólido-sólido”, concluye Karpitschka. “Esta ‘memoria de plegado’ podría desempeñar un papel esencial en la formación de estructuras subcelulares en biología, pero también en la fabricación a microescala de robótica blanda o textiles inteligentes”.
Fuente: quimica.es
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