Anclaje de átomos individuales
- 3 de septiembre de 2021
- Publicado por: Juan Manuel
- Categoría: novedades
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¿Cómo se pueden utilizar los átomos individuales para la catálisis? Los investigadores desarrollan un nuevo método para anclar átomos individuales a los soportes
El modelo atómico muestra un único átomo de indio (azul), que está anclado por un átomo de silicio (rojo) en una red cristalina de grafeno (negro).
Hay una máxima que dice que “nunca hay que cambiar un sistema que funciona”. Sin embargo, los nuevos métodos pueden ser muy superiores a los antiguos. Mientras que hasta la fecha las reacciones químicas se aceleran sobre todo con materiales catalíticos que comprenden varios cientos de átomos, el uso de átomos individuales podría proporcionar un nuevo enfoque para la catálisis.
Un equipo internacional de investigación, dirigido por la Universidad Técnica de Viena (Austria), ha desarrollado un nuevo método para anclar átomos individuales de forma controlada y estable en superficies. Se trata de un paso importante hacia la catálisis de átomos individuales. Los investigadores, que trabajan con Bernhard C. Bayer, han presentado el nuevo método en la revista científica ACS Nano.
Átomos únicos para sustituir a las nanopartículas
Los catalizadores modernos están formados por nanopartículas y, por tanto, son muy pequeños. Sin embargo, teniendo en cuenta su tamaño a escala atómica, siguen estando formados por cientos de átomos, mucho más grandes que los catalizadores de un solo átomo. Si fuera posible acelerar las reacciones químicas con átomos individuales, esto podría abrir nuevas oportunidades para la catálisis. La catálisis de un solo átomo puede ser más sostenible y eficiente desde el punto de vista energético, y también puede ser más selectiva y lograr una mayor rotación que los procesos tradicionales.
En el nuevo método desarrollado, los átomos de silicio sirven de “anclaje” para los átomos de un solo metal. Los propios átomos de silicio suelen aparecer como impureza en los materiales de soporte de carbono. A estos átomos de silicio se unen ahora átomos de indio, que pueden actuar como catalizadores de un solo átomo. “Los átomos de indio se unen selectivamente a los anclajes de silicio en la red cristalina del carbono”, explica Bernhard C. Bayer, del Instituto de Química de Materiales de la Universidad Técnica de Viena. “De este modo, los átomos individuales de indio permanecen estables y anclados en sus posiciones y no se agrupan”, continúa Bayer, que dirigió la investigación. “Lo que hace que la nueva tecnología sea especialmente interesante es que los átomos de indio se anclan de forma autoensamblada, si las condiciones de reacción son las adecuadas. Esto hace que el proceso sea potencialmente escalable”, añade Kenan Elibol, de la Universidad de Viena y el Trinity College de Dublín y primer autor del estudio.
El proceso, sin embargo, también ha supuesto un reto que el equipo de investigación ha superado con éxito. En particular, la deposición de átomos individuales en superficies de soporte sólidas es difícil. Esto se debe a que los átomos individuales normalmente se alejan rápidamente de su ubicación y se agrupan para formar partículas más grandes. La formación de estas partículas más grandes anula las ventajas de la catálisis de átomos individuales.
Otras pruebas que se llevarán a cabo
Gracias a un microscopio electrónico de alta resolución de la Universidad de Viena, el equipo de investigación pudo observar los mecanismos de anclaje de los átomos de indio al silicio. “Pudimos demostrar que el anclaje de los átomos de indio depende de la forma en que los anclajes de silicio se unen a la red cristalina del carbono”, afirma Toma Susi, de la Universidad de Viena, que siguió dilucidando las estructuras de anclaje mediante modernos métodos computacionales. “Este tipo de anclaje controlado y estable a temperatura ambiente de átomos individuales en superficies sólidas no se había descrito hasta ahora y abre interesantes perspectivas para aplicaciones catalíticas en los campos de la energía y el medio ambiente”, añade Dominik Eder, de la Universidad Técnica de Viena y experto en catálisis.
Se llevarán a cabo más experimentos para que el método desarrollado por los investigadores vieneses pueda utilizarse también en la industria: “Los átomos individuales colocados con el nuevo método se van a probar ahora en detalle como catalizadores para diversas reacciones químicas”, dice Bernhard C. Bayer.
Fuente: quimica.es
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