Catálisis sintonizable: Resolver el rompecabezas del tamaño de las partículas
- 30 de noviembre de 2021
- Publicado por: Juan Manuel
- Categoría: novedades
Los científicos consiguen vincular los enfoques microscópico y macroscópico, resolviendo así un viejo enigma
Technische Universität Wien
Las reacciones químicas pueden estudiarse a distintos niveles: A nivel de átomos y moléculas individuales, se pueden diseñar nuevos compuestos. A nivel de partículas diminutas a escala nanométrica y micrométrica, se puede entender cómo influyen los materiales catalizadores en las reacciones químicas. Y para utilizar las reacciones químicas en la industria, es necesario mirar a la escala macroscópica.
Normalmente, se utilizan enfoques diferentes para cada área. Pero esto no es suficiente para las reacciones químicas complejas en las superficies de los catalizadores. En la Universidad Técnica de Viena se ha dado un paso importante: por primera vez ha sido posible conectar todos los niveles, desde el microscópico hasta el macroscópico, para describir una reacción química de importancia tecnológica en condiciones realistas. Esto permite comprender por qué el tamaño de las partículas del catalizador desempeña un papel decisivo. Los resultados se han publicado ahora en la revista científica “Nature Communications”.
Isómeros: Misma composición, diferentes moléculas
Muchas moléculas se presentan en diferentes variantes: El mismo conjunto de átomos puede estar dispuesto de diferentes maneras, que se denominan “isómeros”. Es importante distinguir entre estos isómeros: por ejemplo, un determinado isómero del hidrocarburo buteno es favorable para la producción de combustible, pero se prefiere otra variante de buteno para la fabricación de polímeros. Producir exactamente los isómeros deseados o convertir un isómero en otro es una tarea complicada que puede lograrse con catalizadores muy específicos.
“Un catalizador especialmente importante para estos procesos es el paladio”, explica el profesor Günther Rupprechter, del Instituto de Química de Materiales de la Universidad Técnica de Viena. “Normalmente, el paladio se coloca en una superficie en forma de minúsculos nanocristales. A continuación, determinadas moléculas se unen a estos gránulos, lo que permite la reacción química”.
Es un hecho conocido que el tamaño de las partículas suele ser crucial para una función catalítica específica, pero en la mayoría de los casos no se ha racionalizado detalladamente cómo funciona. “Es imposible crear un modelo químico-cuántico a escala completa de estas partículas en un ordenador, porque simplemente están formadas por demasiados átomos”, afirma el Dr. Alexander Genest, primer autor del estudio actual. “Por tanto, tenemos que encontrar alternativas para combinar los distintos métodos para estudiar la catálisis química”.
Condiciones realistas en lugar de sistemas idealizados
El equipo de investigación de la Universidad Técnica de Viena y sus socios colaboradores de Singapur, Alicante y Múnich eligieron una reacción compleja pero importante para sus investigaciones: La isomerización de alquenos. “Se trata de un reto especial porque hay varias vías de reacción que intervienen al mismo tiempo”, explica Günther Rupprechter. “Para nosotros era importante estudiar la reacción en condiciones realistas: En la investigación básica anterior, las reacciones se analizaban a menudo en (ultra)vacío, a bajas temperaturas. Pero en un entorno industrial, hay que tratar con parámetros completamente diferentes. Por eso queríamos averiguar cómo se produce esta isomerización a presión atmosférica y a 100 °C”.
El equipo empezó por el nivel de los átomos y las moléculas: “Con la ayuda de la teoría del funcional de la densidad, podemos modelar los pasos de reacción elementales de las moléculas que se adhieren a las distintas facetas de los cristales de paladio”, dice Alexander Genest. Estos cálculos dan lugar a parámetros para los llamados modelos microcinéticos, que pueden utilizarse para predecir la dinámica de las reacciones químicas a una escala de tiempo mucho mayor en un ordenador. Y a partir de estos resultados, a su vez, es posible inferir la cantidad total de productos químicos deseados que estarán presentes después de un cierto tiempo con determinados parámetros.
“Los cálculos del modelo coinciden muy bien con nuestras mediciones experimentales, no sólo cualitativa sino también cuantitativamente”, subraya el profesor Günther Rupprechter. “Se trata de un avance importante: antes no era posible una concordancia así”. Ahora se puede explicar en detalle por qué los distintos tamaños de las partículas de paladio tienen efectos diferentes en los procesos químicos: Las partículas grandes tienen superficies lisas, mientras que las más pequeñas son más redondas y escalonadas. La disposición de los átomos de paladio en geometrías alternativas influye en la energía de reacción y, por tanto, en el comportamiento catalítico.
Resultados óptimos en lugar de sólo ensayo y error
“Cuando se optimiza un proceso químico en la industria, a menudo hay que confiar en el ensayo y error”, dice Günther Rupprechter. “¿Qué parámetros externos hay que elegir? ¿Qué catalizadores utilizar y en qué forma? Son preguntas que hasta ahora apenas podían responderse a nivel teórico”. Normalmente se prueban múltiples variantes y luego se elige la más exitosa. Pero si un proceso debe pasar luego de la escala de laboratorio a la industrial, pueden ser necesarios parámetros completamente diferentes.
“Ahora hemos demostrado que se pueden entender de forma exhaustiva estos procesos si se vinculan varias escalas de tiempo y longitud”, afirma Alexander Genest. “Este enfoque es, por supuesto, también aplicable a muchas otras reacciones catalíticas”. De este modo, en la industria química debería ser posible optimizar los procesos de fabricación de productos químicos mediante la modelización por ordenador y, al mismo tiempo, reducir al mínimo la costosa y lenta evaluación comparativa.
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