La nueva alquimia de la neutralidad del carbono: ¡convertir el agua en amoníaco sólo con energía renovable!
- 3 de septiembre de 2021
- Publicado por: Juan Manuel
- Categoría: novedades
Producción de “amoníaco verde” con cero emisiones de carbono
La nueva alquimia de la neutralidad del carbono: ¡convertir el agua en amoníaco sólo con energía renovable! (imagen simbólica)
(Arriba) El método Harber-Bosch: utilizando el hidrógeno (extraído por la descomposición térmica del gas natural) y el nitrógeno atmosférico como reactivos, este método produce amoníaco mediante el uso de un catalizador en condiciones de alta temperatura/presión. (Abajo) El método de producción de amoníaco ecológico mediante el sistema integrado de catalizadores de plasma: un método respetuoso con el medio ambiente que produce amoníaco mediante el sistema integrado de catalizadores de plasma utilizando el nitrógeno atmosférico y el agua.
El Instituto de Maquinaria y Materiales de Corea (KIMM), institución dependiente del Ministerio de Ciencia y TIC, ha desarrollado un proceso innovador que utiliza energía renovable para producir amoníaco a temperatura ambiente y presión normal. Se espera que esta tecnología innovadora contribuya de forma espectacular a lograr la neutralidad del carbono en el futuro mediante el desarrollo de un proceso de producción de amoníaco que produzca cero emisiones de carbono.
Dirigido por el investigador principal, el Dr. Dae Hoon Lee, el equipo de investigación del KIMM del Departamento de Ingeniería del Plasma logró desarrollar un proceso innovador de producción de amoníaco con cero emisiones de carbono. El 5 de agosto, publicaron los resultados de su investigación en ACS Energy Letters.
El proceso orgánico de síntesis de amoníaco (el método Haber-Bosch), desarrollado por Fritz Haber y Karl Bosch en 1913, utiliza el amoníaco como fertilizante, y se considera un descubrimiento que aumentó enormemente la productividad agrícola y sirvió de base para la innovación agrícola. En especial, el amoníaco ha recibido últimamente atención como combustible ecológico con cero emisiones de carbono. Esto se debe a que el amoníaco, que es un compuesto de nitrógeno e hidrógeno, no emite dióxido de carbono ni siquiera cuando se quema.
Sin embargo, para sintetizar el amoníaco por el método Haber-Bosch hay que cumplir unas condiciones de alta presión y alta temperatura, con una presión de al menos 200 atm y una temperatura de al menos 400 grados Celsius. Además, como se utilizan combustibles fósiles, como el gas natural, para producir hidrógeno, se consume una gran cantidad de energía, lo que conlleva altos niveles de emisiones de dióxido de carbono.
Según un informe de 2020 de la Royal Society, el método Haber-Bosch consume alrededor del 1,8% de la energía mundial para producir amoníaco, y los niveles de dióxido de carbono emitidos en este proceso representan el 1,8% de las emisiones totales de dióxido de carbono del mundo.
El proceso para producir amoníaco desarrollado por el equipo de investigación del KIMM consiste en combinar agua con plasma de nitrógeno, produciendo así hidrógeno y óxidos de nitrógeno. Estos óxidos resultantes y reducidos a amoníaco por el hidrógeno con catalizadores. Más del 99% de los óxidos de nitrógeno producidos por esta reacción de plasma se convierten en monóxido de nitrógeno, que puede reducirse fácilmente a amoníaco. El monóxido de nitrógeno reacciona entonces con el hidrógeno coproducido para producir amoníaco con más del 95% de alta selectividad, y el calor generado durante el proceso de descomposición del plasma se utiliza para el proceso de síntesis catalítica.
Dado que este proceso no utiliza ningún combustible fósil y es una tecnología que puede producir “amoníaco verde” con cero emisiones de dióxido de carbono, puede alcanzar un rendimiento entre 300 y 400 veces mayor que el de las tecnologías de producción de amoníaco electroquímicas existentes, que se consideran alternativas al método Haber-Bosch.
Además, este proceso puede ampliarse a gran escala con relativa facilidad mediante un sistema modular debido a que la reacción se produce sólo con el agua y el nitrógeno en condiciones de temperatura/presión ambiente, a diferencia de las condiciones de alta temperatura/presión que deben cumplirse para los métodos existentes de producción de amoníaco. Además, una solución acuosa de nitrato, un subproducto generado como resultado del proceso de producción de amoníaco, puede utilizarse como solución nutritiva agrícola y agente oxidante.
En el futuro, el equipo de investigación del KIMM espera mejorar el coste y la eficiencia de la producción de amoníaco mediante el desarrollo de tecnología de escalado y comercialización. El equipo también pretende colaborar con empresas de ingeniería nacionales y extranjeras para ampliar sus esfuerzos a las plantas de amoníaco, en particular a las pequeñas y medianas que puedan funcionar a presión normal y a temperatura ambiente.
El Dr. Dae Hoon Lee, investigador principal, destacó que él y su equipo han desarrollado un proceso de producción de amoníaco ecológico que puede aplicarse a instalaciones reales y que, en teoría, no emite carbono. También declaró que él y su equipo harán todo lo posible para llevar a cabo investigaciones y desarrollos posteriores que ayuden a reducir drásticamente las emisiones de carbono en el mundo.
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