¿Pueden los diamantes originar metano?
- 30 de diciembre de 2021
- Publicado por: Juan Manuel
- Categoría: novedades
14.12.2021 – Università di Bologna
“Es bien sabido que la descomposición del metano puede llevar a la formación de diamantes. Lo que era menos conocido hasta ahora es que el proceso contrario también es posible”
Convertir una de las mejores gemas del mundo -los diamantes- en uno de los peores gases de efecto invernadero -el metano- no parece una gran idea. Sin embargo, esto ocurrió gracias al trabajo de un grupo de investigadores de las universidades de Bolonia y Edimburgo (Reino Unido), el Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Francia) y HPSTAR (China). Este resultado publicado en Nature Communications no fue un torpe error de laboratorio. De hecho, este estudio podría aportar más información sobre el ciclo profundo del carbono y la formación de hidrocarburos mediante procesos abióticos (es decir, no relacionados con actividades biológicas) en las profundidades de la Tierra.
El ciclo del carbono en las profundidades de la Tierra representa aproximadamente el 90% de todo el ciclo del carbono. A pesar de ello, hasta la fecha se conoce poco el ciclo que tiene lugar bajo la superficie terrestre. Este fenómeno es crucial para la vida en nuestro planeta, ya que permite que el carbono de la Tierra profunda vuelva a la atmósfera.
“Es bien sabido que la descomposición del metano puede llevar a la formación de diamantes. Lo que era menos conocido hasta ahora es que el proceso contrario también es posible. El metano producido a través de la reacción entre los diamantes y el hidrógeno era la pieza que faltaba para comprender mejor el ciclo profundo del carbono”, explica Alberto Vitale Brovarone, profesor del Departamento de Estudios Biológicos, Geológicos y Medioambientales de la Universidad de Bolonia y también uno de los autores del estudio.
El ciclo profundo del carbono incluye también la formación de hidrocarburos, como el metano, como resultado de procesos que no implican actividades biológicas. Esta teoría se discute desde hace más de un siglo. Al querer comprobar esta teoría, los investigadores partieron de los diamantes, que son esencialmente gemas del manto terrestre compuestas por átomos de carbono sólido en una estructura cristalina.
Los investigadores utilizaron una “célula de yunque de diamante”, que es un aparato experimental de alta presión utilizado para presionar dos culets de diamante uno contra otro y replicar las condiciones de presión del manto superior de la Tierra, a más de 70 km de profundidad. A continuación, al presionar una atmósfera de hidrógeno puro a 300 °C, los investigadores observaron la rápida formación de metano con sus moléculas compuestas por un átomo de carbono y cuatro de hidrógeno (CH4).
“Creamos un entorno comparable al de la capa exterior del manto terrestre en términos de temperatura y presión y observamos que el diamante y el hidrógeno reaccionaban fácilmente produciendo metano en pocos segundos”, afirma Vitale Bovarone. “Esto demuestra que se pueden formar hidrocarburos como el metano a profundidades abióticas. Este fenómeno puede desempeñar un papel clave en el ciclo del carbono en las profundidades de la Tierra”.
Los investigadores replicaron este experimento añadiendo grafito, que también está compuesto de carbono puro, y un material de carbono similar al vidrio. En ambos casos, observaron que el metano se formaba más rápidamente y de forma más copiosa en comparación con cuando utilizaron sólo diamantes. Estos resultados sugieren que los materiales grafíticos basados en el carbono pueden ser reactivos muy eficaces y, por tanto, pueden actuar como fuentes de energía que alimenten las reservas de metano en el manto superior de la Tierra.
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