Sistema enzimático para la industria del hidrógeno
- 3 de junio de 2021
- Publicado por: Juan Manuel
- Categoría: novedades
Biocatalizador sin platino para pilas de combustible y electrólisis del agua
Una enzima podría hacer realidad un sueño para la industria energética: Puede producir eficazmente hidrógeno con electricidad y también puede generar electricidad a partir del hidrógeno. La enzima se protege incrustándola en un polímero. Un equipo internacional de investigación con una importante participación de científicos de la Universidad Técnica de Múnich (TUM) ha presentado el sistema en la revista científica Nature Catalysis. Las pilas de combustible convierten el hidrógeno en electricidad, mientras que los electrolizadores utilizan la electricidad para dividir el agua y producir hidrógeno. Ambos necesitan el raro y, por tanto, caro metal precioso platino como catalizador. La naturaleza ha creado una solución diferente: Las enzimas, denominadas hidrogenasas. Estas catalizan la conversión del hidrógeno muy rápidamente y casi sin pérdida de energía.
Sin embargo, en el pasado estos biocatalizadores no se consideraban adecuados para el uso industrial debido a su alta sensibilidad al oxígeno. Ahora, un equipo de investigación de la Universidad Técnica de Múnich (TUM), la Ruhr-Universität Bochum (RUB), el Centro Nacional de Investigación Científica (CNRS) de Francia en Marsella y el Instituto Max-Planck para la Conversión de la Energía Química ha conseguido incrustar las sensibles enzimas en un polímero protector de forma que sean viables para su uso en la conversión técnica del hidrógeno.
Durabilidad frente a actividad
“Cuando las hidrogenasas sensibles se incrustan en polímeros adecuados, siguen funcionando durante varias semanas, incluso en presencia de oxígeno”, afirma Nicolas Plumeré, profesor de Electrobiotecnología del Campus Straubing de la TUM para Biotecnología y Sostenibilidad. “Sin esta protección, pierden su actividad en cuestión de minutos”. La incrustación de las hidrogenasas en polímeros cuyas cadenas laterales pueden transferir electrones, denominados polímeros redox, tenía sin embargo dos desventajas decisivas: un alto nivel de resistencia contrarrestaba el flujo de electrones a través del polímero redox. Esto requería la inversión de energía que se perdía en forma de calor. Y las hidrogenasas incrustadas perdían por completo su capacidad de generar hidrógeno.
Potencial de ajuste fino
Con una inteligente selección de las cadenas laterales del polímero adecuadas, el equipo de investigación ha conseguido ajustar el potencial redox del polímero de tal manera que sólo es necesaria una pequeña sobretensión para superar la resistencia. Investigaciones más detalladas revelaron entonces que el potencial de las cadenas laterales se había desplazado ligeramente hacia valores positivos debido a la incrustación en la matriz del polímero. En un nuevo intento, utilizaron una cadena lateral con un potencial negativo correspondiente. Este truco supuso un gran avance: La hidrogenasa era ahora capaz de catalizar la reacción en ambas direcciones sin pérdida de energía.
Biocatalizador para la conversión de hidrógeno
Utilizando este sistema, el equipo de investigación construyó una pila de combustible, en la que el oxígeno es reducido por la enzima bilirrubina oxidasa de la bacteria Myrothecium verrucaria, mientras que la hidrogenasa incrustada en la película de polímero oxida el hidrógeno de la bacteria desulfovibrio desulfuricans, generando electricidad en el proceso. La célula alcanzó un valor, con una tensión en circuito abierto de 1,16 V, el más alto jamás medido para un sistema de este tipo y cercano al máximo termodinámico. Con tres miliamperios por centímetro cuadrado, la célula alcanzó una densidad de potencia muy alta para células biológicas al mismo tiempo. El sistema también puede utilizarse para la reacción inversa, produciendo hidrógeno mediante el consumo de electrones: La eficacia de la conversión de energía se aproxima al 100%, incluso con densidades de potencia superiores a los cuatro miliamperios por centímetro cuadrado.
Un modelo para nuevos biocatalizadores
“La reducción de la pérdida de energía tiene dos ventajas decisivas”, afirma Nicolas Plumeré. “En primer lugar, hace que el sistema sea significativamente más eficiente; en segundo lugar, el calor generado en una pila de combustible a altos niveles de rendimiento supondría un problema para los sistemas biológicos”. Para que su sistema sea competitivo con los que utilizan catalizadores a base de platino, las investigaciones en curso del equipo se centran ahora en mejorar la estabilidad de las hidrogenasas a mayores densidades de potencia.
Además, los descubrimientos también pueden trasladarse a otros catalizadores altamente activos pero sensibles para la conversión de energía y la electrosíntesis. Los objetivos directos en este caso son principalmente las enzimas reductoras de dióxido de carbono que pueden utilizar la electricidad para producir combustibles líquidos o productos intermedios a partir del dióxido de carbono.
14.05.2021
– Technische Universität München
https://www.quimica.es/noticias
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