Tecnología ecológica para producir energía a partir de residuos textiles
- 29 de junio de 2021
- Publicado por: Juan Manuel
- Categoría: novedades
Científicos de Lituania proponen un método para convertir en energía las microfibras de pelusa que se encuentran en las secadoras de ropa
Un equipo de científicos de la Universidad Tecnológica de Kaunas y del Instituto Lituano de la Energía propuso un método para convertir en energía las microfibras de pelusa que se encuentran en las secadoras de ropa. No sólo construyeron una planta piloto de pirólisis, sino que también desarrollaron un modelo matemático para calcular los posibles resultados económicos y medioambientales de la tecnología. Los investigadores calculan que, convirtiendo las microfibras de pelusa producidas por un millón de personas, se podrían producir casi 14 toneladas de petróleo, 21,5 toneladas de gas y casi 10 toneladas de carbón vegetal.
Cada año, la población mundial consume aproximadamente 80.000 millones de prendas de vestir y aproximadamente 140 millones de euros van a parar a los vertederos. Esto va acompañado de grandes cantidades de emisiones, lo que provoca graves problemas medioambientales y de salud. Una de las formas de disminuir la huella del consumo de ropa es reducir el impacto del lavado. Durante un proceso de lavado a máquina de la ropa, se generan alrededor de 300 mg de microfibras a partir de 1 kg de tejido.
“Las microfibras de pelusa se clasifican como microplásticos. Mientras que los artículos de plástico de gran tamaño pueden clasificarse y reciclarse con relativa facilidad, no ocurre lo mismo con los microplásticos, que son piezas de plástico diminutas, de menos de 5 mm de diámetro. Grandes cantidades de microplásticos son arrastrados por los desagües y entran en nuestros mares, amenazando el medio ambiente”, dice el Dr. Samy Yousef, investigador principal de la Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Diseño de la Universidad Tecnológica de Kaunas (KTU).
El Dr. Yousef dirige el equipo interinstitucional que ha desarrollado una tecnología ecológica para extraer productos energéticos de los residuos textiles. Para el experimento, se recogieron microfibras de pelusa de los filtros de las máquinas de secado de los dormitorios de la KTU. Como los residentes de los dormitorios proceden de diferentes culturas de Europa, África, Asia y América, las muestras recogidas eran muy diversas. Utilizando una planta piloto de pirólisis, construida en los laboratorios del Instituto Lituano de la Energía, los científicos pudieron extraer tres productos energéticos -aceite, gas y carbón- de los lotes de microfibras de pelusa recogidos. Cuando se tratan térmicamente, las microfibras de pelusa se descomponen en productos energéticos con una tasa de conversión de alrededor del 70%.
“Cuando pensamos en los residuos textiles, solemos imaginarnos un tejido largo con alta cristalinidad, que está contaminado con tinte y suciedad. Se necesita mucha energía para convertir el residuo sólido en líquido. Sin embargo, la pelusa-microfibra es un residuo textil algo ‘roto’; tiene un tamaño y una forma uniformes, contiene muchos compuestos inflamables (resultaron elementos de algodón y poliéster), su transformación es más fácil”, dice el doctor Yousef.
Los investigadores también desarrollaron un modelo matemático para evaluar el rendimiento económico y medioambiental de la estrategia sugerida, basándose en las microfibras de pelusa generadas por un millón de personas. El estudio demuestra que, si se aplica a escala industrial, la estrategia es rentable y ecológica: la energía procedente de la pelusa-microfibra generada por 1 millón de personas tiene una rentabilidad estimada de unos 100.000 euros y una reducción de la huella de carbono de 42.039.000 kg de CO2-eq/t de pelusa-microfibra.
“Creo que el sistema de recogida, similar al depósito-devolución de los envases de bebidas, podría desarrollarse a partir de nuestra investigación. Un hogar llevaría la pelusa-microfibra de los filtros de su secadora a un punto de recogida y recibiría algún tipo de compensación por ello. Hemos propuesto la tecnología y hemos hecho cálculos, que pueden desarrollarse más”, dice el Dr. Yousef.
Según la investigación, las microfibras de pelusa pueden considerarse una fuente de energía renovable que garantiza la sostenibilidad y acelera la transición general de la industria textil hacia una economía circular. Además del estudio descrito, el Dr. Yousef y su grupo de investigación han desarrollado otras tecnologías verdes/ecológicas para extraer algodón, glucosa y productos energéticos de los residuos textiles y de los billetes de euro al final de su vida útil mediante tratamientos mecánicos, térmicos, químicos y biológicos.
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